A Case of Anti-LKM 1 Positive Autoimmune Hepatitis Accompanied by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus / 대한소화기학회지

Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a comparatively rare condition. Although both autoimmune hepatitis and SLE can share common autoimmune features such as polyarthralgia, hypergammaglobulinemia and positive ANA, it has been considered as two different entities. We report a case of anti-LKM1 positive autoimmune hepatitis who developed SLE two years later. The presence of interface hepatitis with lymphoplasma cell infiltrates and rosette formation points to the autoimmune hepatitis rather than SLE hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis is infrequently accompanied by SLE, therefore, it could be recommended to investigate for SLE in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

An Analysis of Learning Objectives and Test Items in Fundamentals of Nursing in Korea / 기본간호학회지

This study was done to provide basic data on prevention of breast cancer by identifying and analyzing risk factors for breast cancer in Korean women. The data were collected from three hospitals. The data from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1997 was based on the patient recordings and personal contacts if possible. Data from 1998 to 1999 was collected from 280 inpatients and outpatients diagnosed as breast cancer. From this data, information about the risk factors of breast cancer could be acquired. The factors are scaled according to the degree of risk. Menstrual history, obstetrical history, family history, lactation period, life style were given 5 point, and body mass index was given 4 point. Using one-way ANOVA, the most important risk factors were identified and analyzed by multiple regression. The conclusion of this study are as follows: General factors which would show an effect on the results of the multiple regression included risk factors such as menstrual history, obstetrical history, lactation period, family history, and life style factors including mortal state, monthly income, educational level, job and age. Family history(R=0.481) was found to be the highest risk factor(23.1%) affecting breast cancer risk. The next factors were dying hair(R=0.603), drinking(R=0.846), body mass index(R=0.885), smoking(R= 0.916), age of menopause(R=0.937), pregnancy age of first full-term(R=0.957), eating vegetable(R=0.980) and the number of full term pregnancies in that order. The sum total(R=0.986) of all the above factors accounted for 97.3% of the risk of breast cancer for Korean women. In conclusion, it was found that family history and dyeing hair were the highest risk factors for breast cancer. It is recommended that those with a family history of breast cancer should have regular breast examinations, and those who often dye their hair should reconsider this practice.

The Study of Pain and Pain Management of Cancer Patients / 기본간호학회지

This study is the descriptive survey to provide basic data for nursing intervention to pain management of cancer patients by finding more effective way to manage pain with recognize pain level and pain characteristics. To achieve the purpose of this study, the subjects of this study are 110 male or female gastro intestinal tract patients who are older than twenty, are hospitalized in Pusan University Hospital from 1995. 5. 28 to 1995. 9. 25 and have had medical treatment. The modified pain assessment of cancer patients of Cornne, H. Rosermary, M. was used as the tool of study with 16 questionnaires. The pain score consists of sensory intensity score and distress score. The data was analyzed by the SPSS statistical program number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, One Way Anova and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were utilized for analysis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In population-sociological characteristics: in the age-range of subject, the sixties are most as 32.7% and the subjects after the forties are 89.5%, in sex of subjects, male patients are 66.4% and female 33.6%, in the number of family, the subjects who has 4 or above families are 70% and the subjects who live with their spouse, sons and daughters are 54.5% 2. In the disease characteristics: Stomach cancer patients were most as 39.1%. And the most of patient who had never been operated before. In time of pain, the most of subjects were intermittent. In the type of pain, the most of subjects were "dully pain" as 31.8%. Metastatic subjects were 30.0%. In the origin of pain, nervous pressure was 50.8%. The number of complication was 46 and most of complication are obstruction as 6%. 3. In the pain level, 91 subjects complained pain. And mean pain score was 287.1+/-116.1. The mean pain score of female subjects was higher than that of male subjects. 4. In the pain characteristics, the pain began usually at meal time as 40.7%. the duration of pain was mostly from 1 month to 3 months as 57.1%. The appetite was mainly concerned with the pain as 31.8%. The etiology of pain was usually tumor as 69.3%. The meaning of pain was incurable disease as 14.5%, anxiety, death and suffering. 5. The 56(61%) of 91 subjects were treated with Analgesic pain management. The kinds of Analgesic is usually valentac as 46.4%. The medication was usually intramuscle as 66.1% at whenever necessary. Response of Analgesic after Medication was usually "moderate release". The side effects of medication were nausea as 26.8%. The average amount of morphine dosage hospitalized to cancer patients with pain was 80mg in a day and metastatic cancer patients with pain was 101.9mg in a day. 6. In the relation between the disease characteristics and pain level, there is a significant statistical difference: Whether subjects had been operated or not: (t=2.88, P=0.005), time of pain is (t=3.34, P=0.005), stage of metastatic(F=9.323, P=0.0002), and type of pain(F=4.013, P=0.0008). In the pain level of diagnosis, Colon cancer was 353.3+/-81.7(F=2.34, P=0.049), the origin of pain, nerve pressure 316.3+/-98.5(F=2.44, P=0.045). In the complication, ascites and obstruction 324.9+/-96.8(T=2.60, P=0.04).